Secondhand smoke presence in outdoor areas in 12 European countries
Por:
Henderson, E, Lugo, A, Liu, XQ, Continente, X, Fernandez, E, Lopez, MJ, Gallus, S, TackSHS Project Investigators
Publicada:
1 abr 2021
Ahead of Print:
1 feb 2021
Resumen:
Introduction: Secondhand smoke (SHS) causes morbidity and mortality among non-smokers.
Objectives: To investigate SHS presence in outdoor areas from 12 European countries and its association with country-level characteristics.
Methods: Cross-sectional study performed in 2017-2018 within the TackSHS project. We conducted a face-to-face survey on a representative sample of the population aged 15 years and older from 12 European countries: Bulgaria, England, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain. Out of 11,902 participants, 8,562 were non-smokers. SHS presence was assessed in selected outdoor areas and defined as respondents viewing someone smoking the last time they visited each setting within the last 6 months. A ranking score for outdoor SHS presence was assigned to each country based on the SHS presence in each setting. We used Spearman's correlation (r) and the Chi-squared tests to assess the relationship between SHS presence and country-level characteristics.
Results: Except for children's playgrounds (39.5%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 37.6%-41.3%), more than half of non-smokers reported SHS presence in outdoor areas: schools (52.0%; 95%CI: 50.2%-53.7%), stadia (57.4%; 95%CI: 55.4%-59.4%), parks (67.3%; 95%CI: 66.0%-68.5%), hospitals (67.3%; 95%CI: 65.8%-68.7%), public transport stops (69.9%; 95%CI: 68.6%-71.2%), bar/restaurant terraces (71.4%; 95%CI: 70.2%-72.6%), and beaches (72.8%; 95%CI: 71.4%-74.1%). Residents in Latvia showed the highest overall outdoor SHS presence rank, followed by Greece, and Portugal. Outdoor SHS presence was directly correlated to the country's smoking prevalence (r = 0.64), and inversely correlated to the Tobacco Control Scale 2016 overall score (r = -0.62), the socio-demographic index 2017 (r = -0.56), and Gross Domestic Product per capita 2018 (r = -0.47) (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: SHS presence is high in most outdoor areas in Europe, especially in countries with higher smoking prevalence and lower tobacco control performance. To address outdoor SHS exposure, our findings require considering smoking bans along with other strategies to reduce smoking prevalence.
Filiaciones:
Henderson, E:
Agencia Salut Publ Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Consortium Biomed Res Epidemiol & Publ Hlth CIBER, Madrid, Spain
Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Ciencies Expt & Salut DCEXS, Barcelona, Spain
Lugo, A:
Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri IRCCS, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Milan, Italy
Liu, XQ:
Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri IRCCS, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Milan, Italy
Continente, X:
Agencia Salut Publ Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Consortium Biomed Res Epidemiol & Publ Hlth CIBER, Madrid, Spain
St Pau Inst Biomed Res IIb St Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Fernandez, E:
Inst Catala Oncol, Tobacco Control Unit, Lhospitalet De Llobregat, Spain
Inst Invest Biomed Bellvitge, Tobacco Control Res Grp, Lhospitalet De Llobregat, Spain
Univ Barcelona, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Lhospitalet De Llobregat, Spain
Consortium Biomed Res Resp Dis CIBERES, Madrid, Spain
Lopez, MJ:
Agencia Salut Publ Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Consortium Biomed Res Epidemiol & Publ Hlth CIBER, Madrid, Spain
Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Ciencies Expt & Salut DCEXS, Barcelona, Spain
Gallus, S:
Ist Ric Farmacol Mario Negri IRCCS, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Milan, Italy
hybrid, Green Published
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