Improving health through policies that promote active travel: A review of evidence to support integrated health impact assessment
Por:
de Nazelle, A, Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ, Anto, JM, Brauer, M, Briggs, D, Braun-Fahrlander, C, Cavill, N, Cooper, AR, Desqueyroux, H, Fruin, S, Hoek, G, Panis, LI, Janssen, N, Jerrett, M, Joffe, M, Andersen, ZJ, van Kempen, E, Kingham, S, Kubesch, N, Leyden, KM, Marshall, JD, Matamala, J, Mellios, G, Mendez, M, Nassif, H, Ogilvie, D, Peiro, R, Perez, K, Rabl, A, Ragettli, M, Rodriguez, D, Rojas, D, Ruiz, P, Sallis, JF, Terwoert, J, Toussaint, JF, Tuomisto, J, Zuurbier, M, Lebret, E
Publicada:
1 may 2011
Resumen:
Background: Substantial policy changes to control obesity, limit chronic disease, and reduce air pollution emissions, including greenhouse gasses, have been recommended. Transportation and planning policies that promote active travel by walking and cycling can contribute to these goals, potentially yielding further co-benefits. Little is known, however, about the interconnections among effects of policies considered, including potential unintended consequences.
Objectives and methods: We review available literature regarding health impacts from policies that encourage active travel in the context of developing health impact assessment (HIA) models to help decision-makers propose better solutions for healthy environments. We identify important components of HIA models of modal shifts in active travel in response to transport policies and interventions.
Results and discussion: Policies that increase active travel are likely to generate large individual health benefits through increases in physical activity for active travelers. Smaller, but population-wide benefits could accrue through reductions in air and noise pollution. Depending on conditions of policy implementations, risk tradeoffs are possible for some individuals who shift to active travel and consequently increase inhalation of air pollutants and exposure to traffic injuries. Well-designed policies may enhance health benefits through indirect outcomes such as improved social capital and diet, but these synergies are not sufficiently well understood to allow quantification at this time.
Conclusion: Evaluating impacts of active travel policies is highly complex; however, many associations can be quantified. Identifying health-maximizing policies and conditions requires integrated HIAs. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Filiaciones:
de Nazelle, A:
CREAL Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona 08003, Spain
IMIM Hosp del Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona, Spain
Nieuwenhuijsen, MJ:
CREAL Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona 08003, Spain
IMIM Hosp del Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona, Spain
Anto, JM:
CREAL Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona 08003, Spain
IMIM Hosp del Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona, Spain
Brauer, M:
Univ British Columbia, Sch Environm Hlth, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
Briggs, D:
Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, London SW7 2AZ, England
Braun-Fahrlander, C:
Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Zurich, Switzerland
Univ Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
Cooper, AR:
Univ Bristol, Sch Policy Studies, Bristol BS8 1TH, Avon, England
Desqueyroux, H:
Agcy Environm & Energy Management ADEME, Paris, France
Fruin, S:
Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA
Hoek, G:
Univ Utrecht, Inst Risk Assessment Sci, Utrecht, Netherlands
Panis, LI:
Flemish Inst Technol Res VITO, Mol, Belgium
Janssen, N:
Ctr Environm Hlth, Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Jerrett, M:
Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
Joffe, M:
Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, London SW7 2AZ, England
Andersen, ZJ:
Danish Canc Soc, Inst Canc Epidemiol, Copenhagen, Denmark
van Kempen, E:
Ctr Environm Hlth, Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands
Kingham, S:
Univ Canterbury, Dept Geog, Christchurch 1, New Zealand
Kubesch, N:
CREAL Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona 08003, Spain
IMIM Hosp del Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona, Spain
Leyden, KM:
W Virginia Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA
Natl Univ Ireland, JE Cairnes Sch Business & Econ, Galway, Ireland
Marshall, JD:
Univ Minnesota, Dept Civil Engn, Minneapolis, MN USA
Matamala, J:
CREAL Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona 08003, Spain
IMIM Hosp del Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona, Spain
Mellios, G:
Emisia SA, Thessaloniki, Greece
Mendez, M:
CREAL Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona 08003, Spain
IMIM Hosp del Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona, Spain
Nassif, H:
Inst Rech bioMede & Epidemiol Sport Paris, IRMES, Paris, France
Ogilvie, D:
CREAL Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol, Barcelona 08003, Spain
Ctr Diet & Activ Res CEDAR, Cambridge, England
RC Epidemiol Unit, Cambridge, England
Peiro, R:
Ctr Super Invest Salud Publ CSISP, Valencia, Spain
Perez, K:
CIBERESP, Agencia Salut Publ Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Rabl, A:
Ecole Mines Paris, CEP, Paris, France
Ragettli, M:
Swiss Trop & Publ Hlth Inst, Zurich, Switzerland
Univ Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
Rodriguez, D:
Univ N Carolina, Dept City & Reg Planning, Chapel Hill, NC USA
Ruiz, P:
Univ Chile, Fac Med, Sch Publ Hlth, Santiago 7, Chile
Sallis, JF:
San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA
Terwoert, J:
TNO, Hoofddorp, Netherlands
Toussaint, JF:
Inst Rech bioMede & Epidemiol Sport Paris, IRMES, Paris, France
Tuomisto, J:
Natl Inst Hlth & Welf THL, Kuopio, Finland
Zuurbier, M:
Univ Utrecht, Inst Risk Assessment Sci, Utrecht, Netherlands
Lebret, E:
Univ Utrecht, Inst Risk Assessment Sci, Utrecht, Netherlands
Ctr Environm Hlth, Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm RIVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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