Exposure to secondhand smoke in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues in eight European Countries
Por:
López M.J., Fernández E., Gorini G., Moshammer H., Polanska K., Clancy L., Dautzenberg B., Delrieu A., Invernizzi G., Muñoz G., Precioso J., Ruprecht A., Stansty P., Hanke W., Nebot M.
Publicada:
1 ene 2012
Resumen:
Background: Outdoor secondhand smoke (SHS) concentrations are usually lower than indoor concentrations, yet some studies have shown that outdoor SHS levels could be comparable to indoor levels under specific conditions. The main objectives of this study were to assess levels of SHS exposure in terraces and other outdoor areas of hospitality venues and to evaluate their potential displacement to adjacent indoor areas. Methods: Nicotine and respirable particles (PM2.5) were measured in outdoor and indoor areas of hospitality venues of 8 European countries. Hospitality venues of the study included night bars, restaurants and bars. The fieldwork was carried out between March 2009 and March 2011. Results: We gathered 170 nicotine and 142 PM2.5 measurements during the study. The median indoor SHS concentration was significantly higher in venues where smoking was allowed (nicotine 3.69 µg/m3, PM2.5: 120.51 µg/m3) than in those where smoking was banned (nicotine: 0.48 µg/m3, PM2.5: 36.90 µg/m3). The median outdoor nicotine concentration was higher in places where indoor smoking was banned (1.56 µg/m3) than in venues where smoking was allowed (0.31 µg/m3). Among the different types of outdoor areas, the highest median outdoor SHS levels (nicotine: 4.23 µg/m3, PM2.5: 43.64 µg/m3) were found in the semi-closed outdoor areas of venues where indoor smoking was banned. Conclusions: Banning indoor smoking seems to displace SHS exposure to adjacent outdoor areas. Furthermore, indoor settings where smoking is banned but which have a semi-closed outdoor area have higher levels of SHS than those with open outdoor areas, possibly indicating that SHS also drifts from outdoors to indoors. Current legislation restricting indoor SHS levels seems to be insufficient to protect hospitality workers - and patrons - from SHS exposure. Tobacco-free legislation should take these results into account and consider restrictions in the terraces of some hospitality venues to ensure effective protection. © 2012 López et al.
Filiaciones:
López M.J.:
Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Consorcio de Investigacion Biomed. en Red especializado en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Fernández E.:
Tobacco Control Unit, Cancer Control and Prevention Programme, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
Cancer Control and Prevention Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain
Gorini G.:
Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
Moshammer H.:
Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Polanska K.:
Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
Clancy L.:
Tobacco Free Research Institute, The Digital Depot, Dublin, Ireland
Dautzenberg B.:
Office Français de Prevention du Tabagisme, Paris, France
Delrieu A.:
Office Français de Prevention du Tabagisme, Paris, France
Invernizzi G.:
Tobacco Control Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
Muñoz G.:
Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Consorcio de Investigacion Biomed. en Red especializado en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
Precioso J.:
University of Minho, Portugal, Braga, Portugal
Ruprecht A.:
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Research Laboratory, Tobacco Control Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Società Italiana di Medicina Generale (SIMG) Italian College General Practitioners, Milan, Italy
Stansty P.:
Stop fajceniu, obcianske zdruzenie/Stop smoking - NGO, Bratislava, Slovakia
Hanke W.:
Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
Nebot M.:
Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Consorcio de Investigacion Biomed. en Red especializado en Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
Gold, Green Published, All Open Access, Green
|