Mitochondria function associated genes contribute to Parkinson’s Disease risk and later age at onset
Por:
Billingsley K.J., Barbosa I.A., Bandrés-Ciga S., Quinn J.P., Bubb V.J., Deshpande C., Botia J.A., Reynolds R.H., Zhang D., Simpson M.A., Blauwendraat C., Gan-Or Z., Gibbs J.R., Nalls M.A., Singleton A., Noyce A., Tucci A., Middlehurst B., Kia D., Tan M., Houlden H., Morris H.R., Plun-Favreau H., Holmans P., Hardy J., Trabzuni D., Bras J., Mok K., Kinghorn K., Wood N., Lewis P., Guerreiro R., Lovering R., R’Bibo L., Rizig M., Escott-Price V., Chelban V., Foltynie T., Williams N., Brice A., Danjou F., Lesage S., Martinez M., Giri A., Schulte C., Brockmann K., Simón-Sánchez J., Heutink P., Rizzu P., Sharma M., Gasser T., Nicolas A., Cookson M., Faghri F., Hernandez D., Shulman J., Robak L., Lubbe S., Finkbeiner S., Mencacci N., Lungu C., Scholz S., Reed X., Leonard H., Rouleau G., Krohan L., van Hilten J., Marinus J., Adarmes-Gómez A., Aguilar M., Alvarez I., Alvarez V., Javier Barrero F., Bergareche Yarza J., Bernal-Bernal I., Blazquez M., Bernal M.B.-T., Boungiorno M., Buiza-Rueda D., Cámara A., Carcel M., Carrillo F., Carrión-Claro M., Cerdan D., Clarimón J., Compta Y., Diez-Fairen M., Dols-Icardo O., Duarte J., Duran R., Escamilla-Sevilla F., Ezquerra M., Fernández M., Fernández-Santiago R., Garcia C., García-Ruiz P., Gómez-Garre P., Heredia M.G., Gonzalez-Aramburu I., Pagola A.G., Hoenicka J., Infante J., Jesús S., Jimenez-Escrig A., Kulisevsky J., Labrador-Espinosa M., Lopez-Sendon J., de Munain Arregui A.L., Macias D., Torres I.M., Marín J., Marti M.J., Martínez-Castrillo J., Méndez-del-Barrio C., Menéndez González M., Mínguez A., Mir P., Rezola E.M., Muñoz E., Pagonabarraga J., Pastor P., Errazquin F.P., Periñán-Tocino T., Ruiz-Martínez J., Ruz C., Rodriguez A.S., Sierra M., Suarez-Sanmartin E., Tabernero C., Tartari J.P., Tejera-Parrado C., Tolosa E., Valldeoriola F., Vargas-González L., Vela L., Vives F., Zimprich A., Pihlstrom L., Taba P., Majamaa K., Siitonen A., Okubadejo N., Ojo O., Ryten M., Koks S.
Publicada:
1 ene 2019
Resumen:
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the etiology of monogenic Parkinson’s disease (PD). Yet the role that mitochondrial processes play in the most common form of the disease; sporadic PD, is yet to be fully established. Here, we comprehensively assessed the role of mitochondrial function-associated genes in sporadic PD by leveraging improvements in the scale and analysis of PD GWAS data with recent advances in our understanding of the genetics of mitochondrial disease. We calculated a mitochondrial-specific polygenic risk score (PRS) and showed that cumulative small effect variants within both our primary and secondary gene lists are significantly associated with increased PD risk. We further reported that the PRS of the secondary mitochondrial gene list was significantly associated with later age at onset. Finally, to identify possible functional genomic associations we implemented Mendelian randomization, which showed that 14 of these mitochondrial function-associated genes showed functional consequence associated with PD risk. Further analysis suggested that the 14 identified genes are not only involved in mitophagy, but implicate new mitochondrial processes. Our data suggests that therapeutics targeting mitochondrial bioenergetics and proteostasis pathways distinct from mitophagy could be beneficial to treating the early stage of PD. © 2019, The Author(s).
Filiaciones:
Billingsley K.J.:
Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, , University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Barbosa I.A.:
Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
Bandrés-Ciga S.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Quinn J.P.:
Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, , University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Bubb V.J.:
Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, , University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Deshpande C.:
Clinical Genetics Unit, Guys and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
Botia J.A.:
Departamento de Ingeniería de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, 10-12 Russell Square House, London, United Kingdom
Reynolds R.H.:
Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, 10-12 Russell Square House, London, United Kingdom
Zhang D.:
Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, 10-12 Russell Square House, London, United Kingdom
Simpson M.A.:
Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
Blauwendraat C.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Gan-Or Z.:
Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Gibbs J.R.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Nalls M.A.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD 20812, United States
Singleton A.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Noyce A.:
Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, QMUL, London, United Kingdom
Tucci A.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Middlehurst B.:
Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, , University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Kia D.:
UCL Genetics Institute
Tan M.:
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Houlden H.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Morris H.R.:
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Plun-Favreau H.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Holmans P.:
Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Unit, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neuroscience, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Hardy J.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Trabzuni D.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
Bras J.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Mok K.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Kinghorn K.:
Institute of Healthy Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
University College London, London, United Kingdom
Wood N.:
UCL Genetics Institute
Lewis P.:
University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
Guerreiro R.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Lovering R.:
University College London, London, United Kingdom
R’Bibo L.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Rizig M.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Escott-Price V.:
MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Chelban V.:
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
Foltynie T.:
Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, 10-12 Russell Square House, London, United Kingdom
Williams N.:
Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Brice A.:
Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR S 1127, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
Danjou F.:
Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR S 1127, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
Lesage S.:
Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS, UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR S 1127, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
Martinez M.:
INSERM UMR 1220
Giri A.:
Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
Schulte C.:
Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
Brockmann K.:
Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
Simón-Sánchez J.:
Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
Heutink P.:
Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
Rizzu P.:
DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
Sharma M.:
Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Gasser T.:
Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
Nicolas A.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Cookson M.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Faghri F.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
Hernandez D.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Shulman J.:
Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Robak L.:
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Lubbe S.:
Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
Finkbeiner S.:
Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, United States
Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, United States
Mencacci N.:
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
Lungu C.:
National Institutes of Health Division of Clinical Research, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
Scholz S.:
Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
Reed X.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Leonard H.:
Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
Rouleau G.:
Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
Krohan L.:
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
van Hilten J.:
Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
Marinus J.:
Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
Adarmes-Gómez A.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Aguilar M.:
Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Alvarez I.:
Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Alvarez V.:
Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
Javier Barrero F.:
Hospital Universitario Parque Tecnologico de la Salud, Granada, Spain
Bergareche Yarza J.:
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
Bernal-Bernal I.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Blazquez M.:
Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
Bernal M.B.-T.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Boungiorno M.:
Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Buiza-Rueda D.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Cámara A.:
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Carcel M.:
Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Carrillo F.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Carrión-Claro M.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Cerdan D.:
Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain
Clarimón J.:
Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
Compta Y.:
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Diez-Fairen M.:
Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Dols-Icardo O.:
Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
Duarte J.:
Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia, Spain
Duran R.:
Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
Escamilla-Sevilla F.:
Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
Ezquerra M.:
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Fernández M.:
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Fernández-Santiago R.:
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Garcia C.:
Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
García-Ruiz P.:
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
Gómez-Garre P.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Heredia M.G.:
Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
Gonzalez-Aramburu I.:
Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
Pagola A.G.:
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
Hoenicka J.:
Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
Infante J.:
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
Jesús S.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Jimenez-Escrig A.:
Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Kulisevsky J.:
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Labrador-Espinosa M.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Lopez-Sendon J.:
Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid, Madrid, Spain
de Munain Arregui A.L.:
Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Macias D.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Torres I.M.:
Department of Neurology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
Marín J.:
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Marti M.J.:
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Martínez-Castrillo J.:
Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Méndez-del-Barrio C.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Menéndez González M.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Mínguez A.:
Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
Mir P.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Rezola E.M.:
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
Muñoz E.:
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Pagonabarraga J.:
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Pastor P.:
Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Errazquin F.P.:
Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
Periñán-Tocino T.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Ruiz-Martínez J.:
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
Ruz C.:
Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
Rodriguez A.S.:
Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
Sierra M.:
Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
Suarez-Sanmartin E.:
Clinical Genetics Unit, Guys and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
Tabernero C.:
Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Tartari J.P.:
Fundació Docència i Recerca Mútua de Terrassa and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
Tejera-Parrado C.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Tolosa E.:
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Valldeoriola F.:
Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Vargas-González L.:
Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
Vela L.:
Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
Vives F.:
Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
Zimprich A.:
Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Pihlstrom L.:
Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Taba P.:
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Majamaa K.:
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Department of Neurology and Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
Siitonen A.:
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Neurology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Okubadejo N.:
University of Lagos, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
Ojo O.:
University of Lagos, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria
Ryten M.:
Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, 10-12 Russell Square House, London, United Kingdom
Koks S.:
The Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Australia
Green Published, gold, Gold, Green
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